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Spring Cloud Gateway + JWT 单点登录实现方案
一、方案概述
本方案基于Spring Cloud微服务架构，通过网关统一认证和JWT令牌实现分布式系统的单点登录，移除了独立的认证服务器，简化架构同时保持安全性。核心技术组件包括：
- Spring Cloud Gateway：统一请求入口，负责认证、授权和路由转发
- JWT(Json Web Token)：作为无状态令牌载体，包含用户身份和权限信息
- Spring Security：提供认证和授权功能，集成在网关层
- MyBatis-Plus
二、系统架构与服务组件
1. 服务架构图
+----------------+ +----------------+ +----------------+
| | | | | |
| 客户端应用 |<--->| API网关 |<--->| 用户资源服务 |
| (前端项目) | | (认证+路由) | | (user-service) |
| | | | | |
+----------------+ +--------+-------+ +--------+-------+|v
+----------------+ +----------------+
| | | |
| 订单资源服务 | | 产品资源服务 |
|(order-service) | |(product-service)|
| | | |
+----------------+ +----------------+
2. 服务职责说明
| 服务名称 | 职责描述 |
|---|---|
| API网关 | 统一请求入口，处理用户登录、Token生成、验证和路由分发 |
| 资源服务 | 提供业务数据接口，依赖网关传递的Token进行权限控制 |
| 客户端应用 | 用户交互入口，通过API调用网关服务，处理登录状态和Token存储 |
三、核心技术实现
1. 网关服务配置文件（application.yml）
server:port: 8080spring:application:name: api-gatewaydatasource:url: jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/sso_db?useSSL=false&serverTimezone=Asia/Shanghaiusername: rootpassword: passworddriver-class-name: com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driversecurity:jwt:secret: sso-jwt-secret-keyexpiration: 3600cloud:gateway:routes:- id: user-serviceuri: lb://user-servicepredicates: Path=/api/users/**filters: TokenRelay- id: order-serviceuri: lb://order-servicepredicates: Path=/api/orders/**filters: TokenRelay- id: public-apiuri: lb://gatewaypredicates: Path=/api/public/**mybatis-plus:mapper-locations: classpath*:/mapper/**/*.xmltype-aliases-package: com.example.gateway.modelconfiguration:map-underscore-to-camel-case: truelog-impl: org.apache.ibatis.logging.stdout.StdOutImplglobal-config:db-config:id-type: auto
2. 数据实体类（User.java）
@Data
@TableName("sys_user")
public class User {@TableId(type = IdType.AUTO)private Long id;private String username;private String password;private String realName;private String phone;private Date createTime;// 权限列表（实际项目中建议单独建表）private String permissions;
}
3. 数据访问层（UserMapper.java）
@Mapper
public interface UserMapper extends BaseMapper<User> {User selectByUsername(String username);
}
4. 服务层实现（UserDetailsServiceImpl.java）
@Service
public class UserDetailsServiceImpl implements UserDetailsService {@Autowiredprivate UserMapper userMapper;@Overridepublic UserDetails loadUserByUsername(String username) throws UsernameNotFoundException {User user = userMapper.selectByUsername(username);if (user == null) {throw new UsernameNotFoundException("用户不存在");}return new org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.User(user.getUsername(),user.getPassword(),Collections.emptyList());}
}
5. 网关安全配置（SecurityConfig.java）
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class SecurityConfig {@Autowiredprivate JwtAuthenticationEntryPoint unauthorizedHandler;@Autowiredprivate JwtRequestFilter jwtRequestFilter;@Autowiredprivate UserDetailsService userDetailsService;@Beanpublic PasswordEncoder passwordEncoder() {return new BCryptPasswordEncoder();}@Beanpublic AuthenticationManager authenticationManager(AuthenticationConfiguration authConfig) throws Exception {return authConfig.getAuthenticationManager();}@Beanpublic SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {http.cors().and().csrf().disable().exceptionHandling().authenticationEntryPoint(unauthorizedHandler).and().sessionManagement().sessionCreationPolicy(SessionCreationPolicy.STATELESS).and().authorizeRequests().antMatchers("/api/auth/**", "/api/public/**").permitAll().anyRequest().authenticated();http.addFilterBefore(jwtRequestFilter, UsernamePasswordAuthenticationFilter.class);return http.build();}
}
6. JWT工具类（JwtUtils.java）
@Component
public class JwtUtils {@Value("${spring.security.jwt.secret}")private String secret;@Value("${spring.security.jwt.expiration}")private Long expiration;public String extractUsername(String token) {return extractClaim(token, Claims::getSubject);}public Date extractExpiration(String token) {