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1.Moving Average in Stable Diffusion (SMA&EMA)

1.Moving average
2.移动平均值
3.How We Trained Stable Diffusion for Less than $50k (Part 3)

Moving Average
在统计学中，移动平均是通过创建整个数据集中不同选择的一系列平均值来分析数据点的计算。


给定一数字序列和固定子集大小，移动平均值的第一个元素是通过对数字序列的初始固定子集求平均值而获得的。然后通过“前移”的方式修改子集；也就是说，排除系列的第一个数字并包括子集中的下一个值。

移动平均的理解，来自移动平均值

1.1 Simple Moving Average（SMA，an unweighted MA）

1.2 Exponential Moving Average (EMA，a weighted MA)

In the context of Stable Diffusion, the Exponential Moving Average (EMA) is a technique used during the training of machine learning models, particularly neural networks, to stabilize and improve the model’s performance.

The Exponential Moving Average is a method of averaging that gives more weight to recent data points, making it more responsive to recent changes compared to a simple moving average, which treats all data points equally.

1.2.1 EMA in Stable Diffusion

In the context of Stable Diffusion, EMA is applied to the model parameters during training to create a smoothed version of the model. This is particularly useful in machine learning because the training process can be noisy, with the model parameters oscillating as they converge towards an optimal solution. By maintaining an EMA of the model parameters, the training process can benefit from the following:

1. Smoothing: EMA smooths out the parameter updates, reducing the impact of noise and making the training process more stable.
2. Better Generalization: The EMA version of the model often generalizes better on unseen data compared to the model with the raw parameters. This is because EMA tends to favor parameter values that are more consistent over time.
3. Preventing Overfitting: By averaging the parameters over time, EMA can help mitigate overfitting, especially in cases where the model might otherwise converge too quickly to a suboptimal solution.

笔者个人理解
代价函数（loss function）是关于参数（weight&bias）的函数，也就是说一个loss值对应一组参数值，loss值表现为震荡，也就是说模型参数也在变化。在训练SD时的MSE Loss在梯度下降过程中是上下震荡的，对应的模型参数也在震荡，可以用EMA取得这些模型参数震荡值的中间值，这个模型参数的中间值也就能更好的代表所有时刻模型参数的平均水平，让模型获得了更好的泛化能力

Stable Diffusion 2 uses Exponential Moving Averaging (EMA), which maintains an exponential moving average of the weights. At every time step, the EMA model is updated by taking 0.9999 times the current EMA model plus 0.0001 times the new weights after the latest forward and backward pass. By default, the EMA algorithm is applied after every gradient update for the entire training period. However, this can be slow due to the memory operations required to read and write all the weights at every step.
每个时间步都对所有参数进行EMA代价较大，因为要在每个时刻读写模型的全部参数
$${\text{EMA}}_t=0.0001\cdot x_t+0.9999\cdot {\text{EMA}}_{t-1}$$
为了使得计算EMA代价减小，我们仅仅采取在最后时间段进行EMA计算
To avoid this costly procedure, we start with a key observation: since the old weights are decayed by a factor of 0.9999 at every batch, the early iterations of training only contribute minimally to the final average. This means we only need to take the exponential moving average of the final few steps. Concretely, we train for 1,400,000 batches and only apply EMA for the final 50,000 steps, which is about 3.5% of the training period. The weights from the first 1,350,000 iterations decay away by (0.9999)^50000, so their aggregate contribution would have a weight of less than 1% in the final model. Using this technique, we can avoid adding overhead for 96.5% of training and still achieve a nearly equivalent EMA model.

1.2.2 Implementation in Stable Diffusion

During the training of a diffusion model, the EMA of the model’s weights is updated alongside the regular updates. Here’s a typical process:

1. Initialize EMA Weights: At the start of training, initialize the EMA weights to be the same as the model’s initial weights.
2. Update During Training: After each batch update, update the EMA weights using the formula mentioned above. This requires storing a separate set of weights for the EMA.
3. Use for Inference: At the end of the training, use the EMA weights for inference instead of the raw model weights. This is because the EMA weights represent a more stable and potentially better-performing version of the model.

1.2.3 Practical Considerations

1. Choosing $\alpha$：The smoothing factor $\alpha$ is a hyperparameter that needs to be chosen carefully. A common practice is to set $\alpha$ based on the number of iterations or epochs, such as $\alpha =\frac{2}{N+1}$ where $N$ is the number of iterations
2. Performance Overhead: Maintaining EMA weights requires additional memory and computational overhead, but the benefits in terms of model stability and performance often outweigh these costs.

module.py

class EMA:
# Initializes the EMA object with a smoothing factor (beta) and a step counter (step).def __init__(self, beta):super().__init__()self.beta = beta  # Smoothing factor for the exponential moving averageself.step = 0  # Step counter to keep track of the number of updates
# Updates the moving average of the parameters of the EMA model (ma_model) based on the current model (current_model)def update_model_average(self, ma_model, current_model):# Update the moving average (EMA) of model parametersfor current_params, ma_params in zip(current_model.parameters(), ma_model.parameters()):old_weight, up_weight = ma_params.data, current_params.data# Update the moving average of the parametersma_params.data = self.update_average(old_weight, up_weight)
# Computes the exponentially weighted average of the old and new parameters.def update_average(self, old, new):# Compute the updated averageif old is None:return newreturn old * self.beta + (1 - self.beta) * new
# Either resets the EMA model parameters to match the current model parameters 
# if the step count is less than step_start_ema, 
# or updates the EMA model parameters based on the current model parameters. 
# It increments the step counter after each call.def step_ema(self, ema_model, model, step_start_ema=2000):# Update EMA model parameters or reset them based on the step countif self.step < step_start_ema:self.reset_parameters(ema_model, model)else:self.update_model_average(ema_model, model)self.step += 1  # Increment the step counter
# Copies the current model's parameters to the EMA model to initialize the EMA model parametersdef reset_parameters(self, ema_model, model):# Initialize EMA model parameters to be the same as the current model's parametersema_model.load_state_dict(model.state_dict())

train.py

def train(args):device = args.device  # Get the device to run the training onmodel = UNET().to(device)   # Initialize the model and move it to the devicemodel.train()optimizer = optim.AdamW(model.parameters(), lr=args.lr)  # set up the optimizer with AdamWmse = nn.MSELoss()  # Mean Squared Error loss functionlogger = SummaryWriter(os.path.join("runs", args.run_name))len_train = len(train_loader)
# EMA:Exponential Moving Averageema = EMA(0.995)  # Exponential Moving Average with decay rate 0.995
# At the start of training, initialize the EMA weights to be the same as the model’s initial weights.ema_model = copy.deepcopy(model).eval().requires_grad_(False)  # Create a copy of the model for EMA, set to eval mode and no gradientsprint('Start into the loop !')for epoch in range(args.epochs):logging.info(f"Starting epoch {epoch}:")  # log the start of the epochprogress_bar = tqdm(train_loader)  # progress bar for the dataloaderoptimizer.zero_grad()  # Explicitly zero the gradient buffersaccumulation_steps = 4# Load all data into a batchfor batch_idx, (images, captions) in enumerate(progress_bar):images = images.to(device)  # move images to the device# The dataloaer will add a batch size dimension to the tensor, but I've already added batch size to the VAE# and CLIP input, so we're going to remove a batch size and just keep the batch size of the dataloaderimages = torch.squeeze(images, dim=1)captions = captions.to(device)  # move caption to the devicetext_embeddings = torch.squeeze(captions, dim=1) # squeeze batch_sizetimesteps = ddpm_sampler.sample_timesteps(images.shape[0]).to(device)  # Sample random timestepsnoisy_latent_images, noises = ddpm_sampler.add_noise(images, timesteps)  # Add noise to the imagestime_embeddings = timesteps_to_time_emb(timesteps)# x_t (batch_size, channel, Height/8, Width/8) (bs,4,256/8,256/8)# caption (batch_size, seq_len, dim) (bs, 77, 768)# t (batch_size, channel) (batch_size, 1280)# (bs,320,H/8,W/8)with torch.no_grad():last_decoder_noise = model(noisy_latent_images, text_embeddings, time_embeddings)# (bs,4,H/8,W/8)final_output = diffusion.final.to(device)predicted_noise = final_output(last_decoder_noise).to(device)loss = mse(noises, predicted_noise)  # Compute the lossloss.backward()  # Backpropagate the lossif (batch_idx + 1) % accumulation_steps == 0:  # Wait for several backward passesoptimizer.step()  # Now we can do an optimizer stepoptimizer.zero_grad()  # Reset gradients to zero
# EMA:Exponential Moving Averageema.step_ema(ema_model, model)progress_bar.set_postfix(MSE=loss.item())  # Update the progress bar with the loss# log the loss to TensorBoardlogger.add_scalar("MSE", loss.item(), global_step=epoch * len_train + batch_idx)# Save the model checkpointos.makedirs(os.path.join("models", args.run_name), exist_ok=True)torch.save(model.state_dict(), os.path.join("models", args.run_name, f"stable_diffusion.ckpt"))torch.save(optimizer.state_dict(),os.path.join("models", args.run_name, f"optim.pt"))  # Save the optimizer state